Unit+4

12/12/10: 12/13/10:
 * Unit 4 **

12/16/10: Opener -
 * 1) The Far West was a region of land that was unsettled by white people, but it was settled by diverse groups like natives, Asians, and Spanish, Americans were seeking to conquer this land
 * 2) The Frontier was the concept created by the white people who had settled in this area, they created a **romantic and optimistic vision** of the area, because they believed those who settled there could start anew and take all of these new **opportunities** to create a better life for themselves; wealth, adventure, individualism.

Involvement in the West -
 * __Chinese:__ Major labor source; many were put out of work once the railroad was finished; established Chinatowns, organizations, creating centers for Chinese cultures; the whites had harsh feelings towards the Chinese, creating Anti-Coolie Clubs, boycotting their products & made goods. Congress took note of the violence and created the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882; banning anymore Chinese immigrants from coming into the US, and stopping the people already here from becoming citizens.
 * __Buffalo:__ Buffalo were a key economic source to the Indian tribes; provided food, clothing, and tools, an integral part of their culture & way of life. Americans decimated their population, also damaging the Indian tribes (making it easier to conquer them). 1865 - at least 15 million, 1875 - fewer than 1,000.
 * __Railroad:__ Transcontinental Railroad was built in 1869, brought new jobs, money, and promotes settlement in the west because they had cheap prices, sold land at low costs & gave credit to prospective settlers. Chinese immigrants were about 90% of the workforce for the railroad in the west; over 12,000 Chinese were employed by the railroad.

12/16/10:

Preview of Ch 17: 12/19/10:
 * Ch 17 - Industrial Supremacy **
 * Supremacy - becoming better than everyone else, "top dog"
 * The time period of the Second Industrial Revolution - major growth in America, becomes the leading industrial country in the world.
 * America becomes extremely __wealthy and productive__.
 * Time period of the birth of __modern American capitalism__.
 * 1820 - 1850 First Industrial Revolution
 * 1875 - 1910 Second Industrial Revolution
 * __Corporation__ - a public business that sells stock, run by a board of trustees
 * All of these men were "self made men" - if you could figure it out, there was major money to be had, significant men of the times.
 * John D. Rockefeller - Wealthiest man ever, made it big in the oil industry.
 * J. P. Morgan - A huge banker, most powerful financer in America.
 * Andrew Carnegie -Steel tycoon, rages to riches
 * On the flip side, workers were fighting - unions were trying to get better conditions for workers.
 * Pittsburg becomes an important city, industrial wise
 * Petroleum, and Steel industries discover new techniques & boom
 * Henry Ford discovers the car, and the airplane is discovered -- transportation changes
 * People become more formally educated in research - education, college.
 * The moving assembly line is discovered - helps create faster production of vehicles & other things.
 * Rapid growth of the railroad - it doubled in the late nineteenth century, spreading out further west.
 * Andrew Caregie is a leader in the steel business - helps create more railroads.
 * Birth of the modern capitalist economy
 * "self made man" myth - some men worked to become millionaires (Andrew Carnegie)
 * Social Darwinism starts of the rise again, the idea of survival of the fittest in the business world
 * Russell Conwell and Horatio Alger are examples of the advances in education & literature.
 * Increasing inequality in the social classes, the rich become richer.
 * A boom n immigration causes there to be even greater ethnic tensions between the people of America
 * Employers hired women & children due to the lack of need for skilled workers, they were poorly paid, many opposed the employment of women in the work force.
 * Child Labor Laws did not do much to help the situations these children were in, they were ineffective.
 * A National Labor Union is created - unified all the unskilled workers of America --> first effort was the Knights of Labor
 * A national strike of the railroad begins.

12/20/10: In-Depth Profile - __"Taylorism"__ __Social Darwinism__
 * Introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911 - theoretician/engineer - //The Principles of Scientific Management//
 * A new set of ideas --> "Scientific management"
 * Meant to increase efficiency in the work place.
 * Breaks down every job into small tasks, all easily taught and simple to do.
 * Minimized the skill requirements of jobs, because the tasks were so simple - meaning that it was easier to get a job, and to hire people less qualified - they were paid less.
 * also minimized job learning time - training - less money spent
 * was sought to help large-scale manufacturers through the idea of assembly-lines.
 * got things produced faster
 * also made the workers less valuable - because it took less skill to do a job, if you got sick, they could just hire someone else - less safety/certainty of employment.
 * made workers replacable, and less independent.
 * Divided labor by time-and-motion studies
 * created a wage system based on performance.
 * Some managers took the idea out of context; paying workers little for long hours.
 * Sometimes the workers were timed with stopwatches to reinforce the idea of efficiency & time management --> machine-like routine = productivity
 * survival of the fittest
 * Based off of the idea of natural selection
 * Started in the 2nd IR again - 1877 in England
 * People who are poor or ill, cause was bad genes
 * Justified concentration camps - WWII
 * applies to the economy - capitalism & competition

12/20/10:

__Second Industrial Revolution - Key Principles__

media type="custom" key="8046014" __Patterns of Pop Culture (474-475)__ Horatio Alger: Louisa May Alcott: 12/21/10: 12/22/10: 12/23/10 - 1/4/11: 1/4/11: 1/5/11:
 * Wrote books about self-made people
 * They achieved greatness from rags - inspired people to seek the wealth that was out there, if they tried they could succeed, gave them hope to take a risk and to get involved - make the most of themselves
 * Also wrote about the negatives of the economy/work place/wealth
 * Many of the "self-made" people made the most of the economy, made their way up (social mobility); sometimes the advancements were by a stroke of luck.
 * Wrote //Little Women//; about a girl Jo, who does not easily conform to the domestic concept of women back in this era
 * She ends up marrying a man who does not support her dream of being a writer, reinforcing the domestic concept, also showing that life is not always predictable
 * Encouraged women to break away from conformity/tradition; to be independent, rebellious, intellectual, and successful.

Definitions: Motivations: Examples:
 * Imperialism **
 * Industrial countires dominating preindustrial/under developed countries.
 * Colonization of a country - not necessarily moving their people into another country, but bringing their __economic, and social influences__ into the country --> businesses, military, political buildings.
 * Domination of a country; moving in people, putting the coutry's previous establishments out of buiness.
 * __ Empire building. __
 * __ Territorial expansion. __
 * To expand foreign trade markets; to make the most of the economies & put it to the US' advantages.
 * To compete for world power - Great Britain, France; largest empires.
 * To fulfill the "new" Manifest Destiny; expanding outside of the US - non horizontally.
 * To influence the country positively culturally; uplift the people - religion, civil liberty.
 * Puerto Rico, Philippines, China, Iraq, Afghanastan, Hawaii, Alaska, Cuba, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, Liberia, Panama Canal Zone, Guano Islands

5 Ws of the Spanish-American War Who: What: When: Where: Why: 1/6/11:  1/9/11:   1/10/11: media type="custom" key="8022566" 1/11/11: __Demographic Changes-__ first, America was mostly populated by native americans, but once the British started colonizing the country, more eastern Europeans started populating the area. As time passed the natives were pushed farther east by expansion. And the states were demographically becoming more diverse, there were periods of wide spread immigration from Europe, and Asia. All of these people coming here in search of new opportunities --> caused lots of racial tensions because of lost jobs (immigrants worked for low wages) --> racial hate groups/discrimination/segregation. companies/small groups to invest $$--> family place --> religious diversity ---> __racial diversity__
 * Spanish-American War **
 * took control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
 * Marti - Cuban Rebel; to destroy american sugar plantations to get the US to come help them. Instead, Spain sent in their troops to stop the rebellion.
 * Hearst & Pulitzer --> yellow journalism[[image:http://rlv.zcache.com/spanish_american_war_map_1898_poster-p228022239786247608t5wm_400.jpg width="448" height="389" align="right"]]
 * the USS Maine turned America into a frenzy; people were afraid of becoming imperialists.
 * Filipinos were trying to get rid of the Americans; Aguinaldo claims independence, but it was ignored.
 * Spain-
 * America- tried to help Cuba, but were pulled into a war with Spain
 * McKinley-
 * Pulitzer/Hearst- controlled media with yellow journalism
 * Rebels- Marti, Aguinaldo
 * Dewey & Roosevelt- heros of the war
 * Marti destroyed American sugar plantations in Cuba
 * USS Maine- destroyed in Havana, Cuba
 * George Dewey- seized the Philippines, easy win, captured manila
 * Las Guasimos, El Caney, & San Juan Hill - the Rough Riders, led by T. Roosevelt, defeated the Spanish forces
 * Puerto Rican domination
 * America was controlling the Philippines, had American governors --> leads to the Philippine War & the debate over its annexation.
 * Treaty of Paris - declared permanent peace with Guam, Puerto Rico, & Cuba
 * 1898- war was declared April 25th by McKinely after Spain refused to permanent peace.
 * Treaty - Signed Dec., 1898. Ratified on Feb. 6, 1899
 * Spanish & American armistice signed August 12, 1898[[image:http://www.paperpk.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Sugar-Cane.jpg align="right"]]
 * Cuba/ Puerto Rico/Philippines- Cubans initiated the war but were on the side of the US, Puerto Rico was acquired during the war, the Philippines were trying to gain their independence.
 * Guam- America was ceded this land during the war.
 * America- the war was published in the media- exaggerated- portryed the Spanish terribly
 * marti was planning to get America's help in the war by destroying their crop
 * USS Maine- meant to protect American goods- people conspired that the Spanish blew it up on purpose --> heightened war frenzy
 * Dewey --> changed the US war strategy; now planned to take all of the Spanish colonies - lead to the annexation of Puerto Rico
 * Freeing Cuba --> Becoming a world imperialist
 * To take advantage of the sugar economy in Cuba & the markets of the other countries.

__Environment-__ The american landscape shifted and developed over time, in reaction to urbanization & industrialization. The midwest was mostly the farming area of the country, very deserted and vast lands, good for raising crops/herding cattle. Eventually, this type of land became less and less in America due to growing cities & populations; cities held factories --> causes population of the air from smoke & pollution of the water --> waste. The development of cars & motor vehicles changes the environment too --> pollution. Cities became very dirty places for living - unsanitary apartments