Unit+7

3/3/11:  Chapter Opening Page:
 * Unit 7 **
 * Choices for foreign policy - isolationism (nationalism) or imperialism
 * internationalism vs imperialism: internationalism - involvement with other countries. imperialism - taking over/ influence over another country.
 * 1930s - America was practicing isolationism, focued on domestic issues --> neutrality act
 * Late 1930s - America starts to practice internationalism.

Roosevelt's Economic Diplomacy:
 * Lessened the value of the US dollar - international trade is easier
 * Ignored the war debts - stopped the circulatory loans, it did not make sense to him, he let the issue die.
 * Lowered the tariffs - Reciprocal Trade Agreement Tariff - got other countries to agree to it also --> stimulate trade. 40% increase in American exports.

Conclusions for the Rest of C27:
 * America's neutrality is tested when bombings start in Europe, but helped the allied forces (intervention)
 * Public opinions shift on their views of the war.[[image:http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g10000/g19930.jpg width="444" height="372" align="right" caption="Destruction of the USS West Virginia in the bombing of Peal Harbor. "]]
 * FDR runs for a third term & gets re-elected on his promise to keep them out of the war(?)
 * They abandoned neutrality completely after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese troops, completely got America involved - until more invasions & bombings in Europe as well.
 * Germany - takes down France & invades the USSR

3/7/11: Reasons for WWII
 * The Axis gaining power --> destroying the allies
 * This proved a threat for their economic ties & for take over (eventually)
 * Revenge for Pearl Harbor
 * Stimulates the economy - creates jobs --> further economic debt?
 * Morals - democracy, human's rights; could not allow their dictatorship to continue. America believes that if they can help people to be free with a democratic government, they should.

To put the world on a path to war, Italy, Germany, and Japan formed an alliance through the Tripartite pact in which they aimed to forcefully expand their influence and power through dictatorships, invasions, and arrogance throughout Europe and the world. **(group thesis)**
 * Chapter 27 Questions: **
 * 1) Before being bombed at Pearl Harbor, America was indirectly involved in WWII, without Congress officially decalring war. America's official foreign policy was neutrality, though it was supplying the Allied Powers with money and war supplies throughout the 1930s and 40s.
 * 2) After declaring neutrality beginning in 1935, America slowly engaged in WWII through the steps of signing the Atlantic Charter, concern over German invasion of the USSR, and the Lend-Lease Program. The final tipping point was the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese in December in 1941.
 * 3) During the interwar years America transitioned from practicing isolationism to limited internationalism through supplying the Allied Powers with war supplies and intervening in Japanese expansionism, which provoked the attack on Pearl Harbor.
 * 4) What were Italy, Germany, and Japan doing to put the world on a path toward another war?
 * Dictatorship, Invasions, over powering the seas & countries
 * Arrogance – disregarding treaties and promises with other countries – Treaty of Versailles, Kellogg-Briand Pact
 * Attacking before the Allies did – provoking fighting & war – Pearl Harbor, USSR, Poland
 * Tripartite Pact – defensive alliance

3/11/11: __**Discuss the MI from each blue heading so far -**__
 * Containing the Japanese - The US gained control of the pacific ocean by attacking Japan from two sides, after misleading them to think that the US had been defeated.
 * Holding off the Germans - The Allied Powers invaded Europe from two paces before attacking France, their main goal. They invaded Italy, but failed ultimately. The USSR was successful in pushing the Germans out of their country.
 * America and the Holocaust - Although the public was eager to aid Jews escape Europe, many American governmnet officials were anti-semites and prevented Jews from entering the US and from recieving military assistance.
 * Prosperity - The war stimulated the economy, ending the Great Depression, by creating jobs to create wartime materials.
 * The War and the West - The west was actively invovled in the war by creating centers for shipbuilding and aircrafts.
 * Labor and the West - Unions were expanding in size, but their standards were more strict. Rules that were enforced were no striking during wartime, and they could not intervene as much to disrupt the production of goods, set prices and wages. Smith Conelly Act was instituted, they could not strike for 30 days, so the president could call in the army
 * Stabilizing Boom - The government stimulated the economy by selling bonds, and new taxes through the revenue act of 1942. Inflation was virtually put to an end in the 1940s by mainting "frozen" prices and wages enforced by the Office of Price Administration.
 * Mobilizing Production - To meet war needs, war factories and industries were created to increase production by the War Production Board, similar to WWI's WIB.
 * Wartime Science and Technology - The National Defense Research Committee pioneered technological advancements in war devices. They began using radar and sonar to detect U-boats, as well as launching secret missions (Ultra & Magic) to detect and steal German or japanese intelligent devices.
 * African Americans and the War - Due to major demand in war plants, African Americans most migrated to the Northern cities during the Great Migration in 1914-1919 in order to help industry meet demand for war. Public opinions were chaning about discrimination and racism towards African Americans through efforts by the CORE (The Congress of Racial Equality).
 * Native Americans and the War - Native Americans were hired as "Code-talkers" to speak their languages over the radio, so enemies would not be able to intercept them & understand them. Others served in the military, one of the men who rose the flag at Iwo Jima were native Americans.[[image:http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/wwII/08/p2-08/brooke-p2-ztm-3-08/images/pacific_theater_1941_45.jpg width="367" height="371" align="right"]]
 * Mexican-American War Workers - After being forced out of their jobs as farm workers, some Mexicans found reemploymnet through the wartime labor shortage. In defiance, teenage mexicans called //pachucos// started dressing distinctively and starting what became known as Zoot-Suit Riots, where they invaded a navy base in Long Beach California.
 * Women and Children at War - Women were employed in various places to replace servicemen, they acted like soldiers without guns at home. Women had limited child-care opportunities, so they were forced to leave their children alone while they were at work.
 * Wartime Life and Culture -

__Page 741 Map Analysis: **The War in the Pacific**__
 * Japanese acquired a large empire throughout WWI - Burma, Thailand, some parts of China, New Guinea, Malaya, & the Dutch East Indies
 * shows the start at Pearl Harbor, from there the US branched out to islands, moving closer & closer to the main empire
 * Shows the location of atomic bombings by the United States in Japan.
 * Supply routes were very far ad few between; did the US cut off their supplies?
 * SHows the Allied victories; mostly in the small islands off of the mainland.
 * Japan victories; Pearl Harbor & Dutch East Indies
 * Shows when the USSR declared war on Japan- Stalin made an agreement with Truman to join if they were still trying to defeat Japan
 * Nimitz & MacArthur - lead the US end of the pacific war

__Page 743 Map Analysis: **The War in North Africa & Italy**__
 * shows the maximum amount of land the Axis powers acquired between North Africa & Italy




 * Chapter 28 Top Ten:**
 * 1) D-Day - Allied powers invade the shores of Normandy beach
 * 2) Battle of Leyte Gulf -
 * 3) Okinawa - One of the closing battle of the Pacific front
 * 4) Hiroshima & nagasaki - two locations of bombings in Japan
 * 5) The manhattan project - The title of the project for nuclear weapons
 * 6) Relocation Centers - Prisons and cneters created for Americanization of the japanese
 * 7) Female advancement - women were hired in work forces to replace the men gone at war
 * 8) CORE - Congress of Racial Equality made advances for African Americans in DC
 * 9) Zoot-Suits - Mexican teenagers rebelling in the LA area; riots ensued & tensions rose
 * 10) Radar/Sonar - technological advancements made in war technology.



__WHD P.762-763: **The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb** __
 * //On Active Service in Peace and War (1950)// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Sec. of War Henry Stimson: backed up Truman’s statement “ I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used.”
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (1966),// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">herbert Feis: Truman made the decision on a strictly military basis to ensure a speedy American victory
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Fear, War, and the Bomb (1948),// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PMS Blackett: argued teh destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the first step in the Cold War with Russia; to threaten them → US = world power.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I believe that it was a combination of these two ideas, but mostly pressure from the USSR. America has always been a selfish country, and as much as we would like to believe that this bombing happened for us to be safe, it’s difficult to swallow. If truman had done it militarily, trying to save a million American lives, he also killed 200,000+ Japanese civilians while doing so. A little hypocritical...
 * ** all of them could be true - Truman saved lives **
 * ** Soviet was the main reason that Truman dropped the bomb **
 * ** the US could not be morally corrupt, they weren’t capable of killing all of those people **

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 * C28 Questions:**

C29: The Cold War Begins
__**Background of the Cold War:**__
 * **United States** || **USSR (Soviet Union)** ||
 * * Democracy - the people vote for what they want, America practices Democratic Republic - vote for representatives instead of direct election.
 * Capitalism - Allowing the economy to control itself, supply and demand. America practices a semi-capitalist economy, the government has some control, but not too much --> mixed economy; rules & regulations || * Dictatorship - Total political control. The USSR practiced totalitarian government, Stalin had total control over everything that happened in the Soviet Union.
 * Controlled everything in the media & life: what the people had access to listen to and know.
 * Controlled education in USSR; history focus on the revolution - dramatized Lenin & Stalin's part.
 * Did boost living conditions over all, however there were still many homeless. Jobs increased & the Soviet Union became a leading industrial nation by 1939.
 * Communism - System in which one political party or leader had total control, belief in similarity & sharing. The communist party was the only political party legally recognized by the USSR in this time --> common ownership ||
 * [[image:http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/226651/226651,1271350975,1/stock-photo-cuba-circa-a-stamp-printed-in-cuba-shows-karl-marx-and-vladimir-lenin-circa-50997856.jpg width="347" height="269" align="right" caption="An image of the two largest communists, Vladimir Lenin (USSR) & Karl Marx (Germany)"]]Competition for world supremacy after WWII
 * Competing ideologies in politics & the economy
 * Atomic bomb - the US kept it hidden and then used it to intimidate the USSR - lack of trust
 * Future of Germany, Poland, and other countries after WWII (which set of beliefs will they follow, what are they going to become?)
 * 1917 - Russian Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) during WWI, they dropped out of WWI --> "Peace, land, and bread."



Add to WHD:
 * 1) Containment - American foreign policy during the Cold War, stop of communism.
 * 2) Truman Doctrine - Statement by the President announcing their official policy & the responsibility to aid those aubject to communism.
 * 3) National Security Council - Governing out of the White House, under the NSA of 1947; governed foreign policies.
 * 4) NATO - Agreement with 12 nations that if one was attacked by Soviet Union, then all would go to war.
 * 5) NSC-68 - National Security Council act of 1950 altering containment policy; states the US has more responsibility
 * 6) Truman's "Fair Deal" - truman's 21 point domestic program to help stimulate and fix economic & labor problems in America
 * 7) Taft-Hartley Act - Labor Management Act of 1947; made the shop illegal - a workplace without a union requirement.
 * 8) McCarthyism - Mass hysteria caused by a Wisconsin senator (red scare) about communism
 * 9) Eisenhower - Showed revival for the Republican Party; military hero, Columbia University president, NATO commander, and won the election of 1952.
 * 10) Truman-MacArthur Controversy - General MacArthur resisted Truman's orders in China, and continued with his invasion. He was relieved by Truman for doing so for insubordination.
 * Ellen Shrecker: argued that the red scare was against communism & created by official agencies who were obsessed with the government.
 * Red Scare/McCarthyism: fear of communism, need to identify, pursecute them --> paranoia, hysteria
 * Americans over reacted out of fear; afraid of the USSR & of what might happen to them
 * It could potentially over throw the way Americans do things
 * Was McCarthyism a tool used by the republicans to keep power?



**The Cold War at Home:**

 * [[image:http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images1/hiss.jpg width="238" height="189" align="left" caption="Alger Hiss"]]**Alger Hiss**: A member of the State Department who had supposedly passed American documents through to the Soviet Union, he was not tried however, due to statute of limitations.


 * **McCarthy**: Senator from Wisconsin, claimed that communism was within the US government & those who are members of the party are committing treason. He created mass hysteria
 * **Rosenbergs**: Members of the Communist party, allegedly head of the conspiracy to [[image:http://sun.menloschool.org/~nfortman/8th/decadesweb.2003/andrewd/rosenbergs.jpg width="265" height="235" align="left" caption="Mugshots of the Rosenberg couple"]]give American atomic secrets to the USSR. The couple died in an electric chair, despite their claims of inocence until their death.
 * **Red Scare**: Mass hysteria caused by a rise in anticommunism, like a witch hunt for communists. [[image:http://www-tc.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/files/2008/09/286_miller_mccarthyism.jpg width="237" height="179" align="right" caption="Joseph McCarthy"]]
 * **HUAC:** House of Un-American Activities Committee; Attempted to prove that the Democrats were allowing communist behavior in the government when they were in control --> Republicans head the hunt for communists
 * **ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY: M**arch 22, 1947 - Truman issues an executive order for the FBI to investigate all federal employees - must prove their loyalty.

__**Chapter 29 Questions:**__ media type="custom" key="8948042"

=KOREAN WAR PROJECT: partners with Sharon Lee - can be found on: KOREAN WAR=

Chapter 30
3/28/11: 2 Col Notes p. 789 media type="custom" key="8865186" Significant Events:
 * Domestic || International ||
 * * 1954 - //Brown V. Board of Education// - Supreme Court rules that segregated schools are unconstitutional.
 * 1957 - Civil Rights Act Passed - voting rights bill, due to Senator Thurmond's filibuster of 24 hours and 18 minutes. || * Fidel Castro takes over Cuba - Communism spreads.
 * 1964 - The US bombs Vietnam for the first time. ||

Eisenhower Video:
 * 1953-1961
 * He was never interested in politics, claimed so - convinced the people he wasn't a politcian
 * He was relaxed; "out to lunch" but he was making the decisions
 * first accomplishment as president: armistance of the Korean War.
 * using his presidency for peace; downsized military, spending less on defense - spent more on quality of life --> largest public works project: Federal Highway Act
 * Eisenhower distance himself from the //Brown V. Board of Education// decision - he thought it wasn't time for desegregation
 * Ike pledged support for the pro-western government of South Vietnam - sent large sums of money to help them; support/creation of the bank of Vietnam
 * First term: great prosperity, peace
 * Second Term:
 * health problems, civil rights
 * Sputnik: USSR beat the US into space, America thought of it as a race, paranoia starts up again
 * 1959 - Fidel Castro took over Cuba, America was losing to communism
 * hero of WWII wanted to leave behind a legacy of peace: war must be a last, last, last resort

Chapter 30 Questions: media type="custom" key="8948024"